Unpacking The Themes In J.B. Priestley'S "An Inspector Calls"

Nov 18, 2024 · 12 min read

This article explores the central themes in J.B. Priestley's play "An Inspector Calls," examining social responsibility, class disparities, and the moral implications of one's actions. Through character analysis and contextual insights, it unpacks how Priestley critiques societal norms and encourages reflection on collective accountability.

Hadwin Maverick

Editorial and Creative Lead

Unpacking The Themes In J.B. Priestley'S

J.B. Priestley’s play, "An Inspector Calls," is a thought-provoking examination of social responsibility, class distinction, and the interconnectedness of society. The drama is set in 1912 but was written in 1945, serving as both a critique of the Edwardian era and a warning for the post-war world. In this article, we will unpack the central themes presented in the play and explore how they resonate with contemporary audiences.

Social Responsibility 🤝

One of the most prominent themes in "An Inspector Calls" is social responsibility. Priestley emphasizes the idea that individuals are responsible for one another, regardless of their social class. The character of Inspector Goole serves as the moral compass of the play, challenging the Birling family to confront their actions and their consequences.

The Inspector's Role

Inspector Goole’s arrival at the Birling residence acts as a catalyst for revealing the hidden truths about each family member's role in the downfall of Eva Smith. His relentless questioning exposes how the family's wealth and privilege shield them from the realities faced by the lower classes. The Inspector's famous line, "We are members of one body," reinforces the message that neglecting social responsibility can lead to societal collapse.

The Impact of Individual Actions

Throughout the play, it becomes clear that the characters' individual actions contribute to the suffering of others. For instance, Arthur Birling’s dismissal of Eva Smith from his factory demonstrates a lack of empathy, driven by profit over people. This act sets off a chain reaction of events that ultimately leads to her tragic demise.

The play serves as a reminder that personal responsibility is not just about individual choices but also about how those choices impact the wider community.

Class and Social Inequality ⚖️

Another significant theme in "An Inspector Calls" is class and social inequality. Priestley critiques the rigid class structure of the early 20th century and the moral failings that come with it. The Birlings represent the upper class, who are oblivious to the struggles of the working class.

The Birlings’ Attitude

The play showcases the Birlings’ dismissive attitude towards the lower classes. Sheila Birling, in particular, displays an initial lack of awareness about the struggles faced by those like Eva Smith. However, as the Inspector reveals the truth, Sheila undergoes a transformation and begins to understand her culpability in the class system.

This progression highlights the potential for change and understanding if one is willing to acknowledge their privilege and take responsibility for their actions.

The generational divide

Priestley illustrates a generational divide regarding attitudes towards social issues. The older generation, represented by Arthur and Sybil Birling, cling to traditional views of class distinction and social hierarchy, whereas their children, Sheila and Eric, show a willingness to learn from their mistakes. This generational shift suggests a hope for a more socially responsible future.

The Illusion of Control 🔍

The theme of illusion of control permeates the play, primarily through Arthur Birling’s character. Birling represents the capitalist mindset, believing that hard work and wealth will lead to success and security. His speeches about the future highlight this illusion, as he confidently predicts that there will be no war and that prosperity is inevitable.

The False Promises of Capitalism

Birling’s confidence is shattered with the Inspector's arrival. Priestley uses Birling’s naivety to critique capitalism and the false sense of security it provides. The play suggests that no one is immune from the consequences of their actions, and the façade of control can quickly crumble when faced with reality.

Additionally, the abrupt ending leaves the audience questioning the stability of their own lives in a rapidly changing society.

Foreshadowing and Dramatic Irony

Dramatic irony plays a significant role in enhancing the theme of control. Birling’s self-assured proclamations about the future are laden with dramatic irony, as the audience is aware of the historical events that will unfold after 1912, particularly the two World Wars. This contrast between Birling’s beliefs and the reality of the future emphasizes the limits of control over one's fate.

Gender Roles and Feminism 🌸

Priestley also addresses gender roles in "An Inspector Calls," exposing the societal expectations placed on women during the early 20th century. The character of Eva Smith symbolizes the struggles faced by women, while characters like Sheila and Sybil Birling illustrate the differing approaches to femininity and empowerment.

Sheila's Transformation

Sheila's character arc is particularly significant. Initially portrayed as a naïve, privileged girl, she undergoes a transformation as she begins to recognize her complicity in Eva's fate. Her evolution reflects a growing awareness of women's empowerment, as she stands up against her father and confronts the realities of class and gender inequality.

Sybil's Traditional Role

In contrast, Sybil Birling embodies the traditional role of women. She is more concerned with maintaining her social standing than addressing the needs of others. Her refusal to help Eva highlights the limitations placed on women during this time and critiques the lack of genuine compassion within the upper class.

Through these contrasting portrayals, Priestley challenges the audience to reflect on the changing roles of women and their position in society.

The Interconnectedness of Society 🌍

Finally, Priestley emphasizes the interconnectedness of society. The events in "An Inspector Calls" show that individual actions have far-reaching consequences, affecting not only the people directly involved but also society as a whole.

The Ripple Effect

Eva Smith’s tragic end symbolizes the consequences of neglecting social responsibility and interconnectedness. The Birlings’ individual choices led to her demise, serving as a powerful reminder that society is like a web; every action has the potential to affect countless lives.

This theme resonates profoundly with contemporary issues such as climate change, economic disparity, and social justice, urging audiences to take responsibility for their actions in the context of the global community.

A Call to Action

As the play concludes, the audience is left with a call to action. The characters may attempt to absolve themselves of guilt, but the Inspector's message lingers: "We are responsible for each other." Priestley’s warning serves as a reminder that apathy and detachment can lead to tragic outcomes, both on an individual and societal level.